REFLECTING ON STATE TYPOLOGIES: INDONESIA AND THE GLOBAL HYBRIDIZATION OF FEDERAL AND UNITARY GOVERNANCE MODELS IN HETEROGENEOUS CONTEXT

Abstract

Traditional models of unitary and federal governance have become less rigid in contemporary political practice. While unitary systems centralize power, federal systems distribute it among constituent states, these ideal types are often challenged by complex social, economic, and political realities. As a result, many countries have adopted hybrid models that blend elements of both systems to address diverse domestic needs. This study investigates the convergence of unitary and federal governance. It examines how societal differences influence the development of hybrid models and the factors that drive collaboration between unitary and federal elements. To do this, the study compares federal states (Malaysia, Nepal, and the United States) with unitary states (Spain, South Korea, and Vietnam). Indonesia, a highly diverse unitary state, serves as a key reference point for this analysis. Research findings indicate that heterogeneity significantly impacts the hybridization of federal and unitary systems of government. Although a state has the constitutional right to choose its governance structure based on its sovereignty, the practical implementation often necessitates gradual adaptation to domestic circumstances. States characterized by multifaceted diversity frequently encounter challenges in adopting a purely federal or unitary system.